By OLIVIA BERGMEIER Lead Reporter - Salina Post

The parking lot that City Lights Stage calls home had a new look on Saturday — tents and tables filled that space with about a dozen vendors for the season's first Farm and Art Market Downtown.

"People are smiling, people are doing exactly what we wanted this market to be, they're talking to one another and being a community," said Salina Downtown, Inc. (SDI) Executive Director Leslie Bishop. "This parking lot is meant to look like this on a Saturday morning."

Familiar businesses like AJ Honey Farms, LLC, Shroom-Mates and Bowden Beef participated in the first market. Still, Bishop said there will be about 20 to 22 vendors in the next few weekends as produce ripens.

Wind River Farm, a local goat farm owned by Angela Price from Falun, joined in selling various goat milk soaps and balms to customers.

"It doesn't look like any first market that I've seen — there's a lot more traffic, a lot more vendors for the first ever, and so I expect good things from this market," Price said.&nbsp;"Salina Downtown showed me a few things&nbsp;of&nbsp;what&nbsp;their plans&nbsp;are&nbsp;for this area, and I'm very impressed and looking forward to sticking around."

READ MORE: <a href="https://salinapost.com/posts/dceab434-5a0f-431a-8951-c8413870c905">Salina City Commissioners 'OK' next steps for possible shade structure in Downtown Salina</a>

<a href="https://www.salinadowntown.org/farmartmarket">The Farm and Art Market Downtown</a> aims to provide a space for all local Salina vendors to join in and sell their goods, art and other handmade items. More than 500 people stopped by the market on Saturday. Vendors sold-out of produce and craft goods within hours of the market's grand opening.&nbsp;

The market begins at 7:30 a.m. every Saturday during the summer and ends at noon at the City Lights Stage parking lot in downtown Salina.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/5/1716240367749.jpeg" alt="Shoppers browse the local food and goods at the first Farm and Art Market Downtown on Saturday, May 18, in downtown Salina. Photo by Olivia Bergmeier" />
 <figcaption>Shoppers browse the local food and goods at the first Farm and Art Market Downtown on Saturday, May 18, in downtown Salina. Photo by Olivia Bergmeier</figcaption>
 </figure>By OLIVIA BERGMEIER Lead Reporter - Salina PostThe parking lot that City Lights Stage calls home had a new look on Saturday — tents and tables filled that space with about a dozen vendors for the season's first Farm and Art Market Downtown.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/5/1716240459097.jpeg" alt="Shroom-Mates owner Casey Andre (right) chats with a customer, Brian Metzger (left) about the ways to cook oyster mushrooms during the first Farm and Art Market Downtown on Saturday, May 18, near City Lights Stage in Salina. Photo by Olivia Bergmeier" />
 <figcaption>Shroom-Mates owner Casey Andre (right) chats with a customer, Brian Metzger (left) about the ways to cook oyster mushrooms during the first Farm and Art Market Downtown on Saturday, May 18, near City Lights Stage in Salina. Photo by Olivia Bergmeier</figcaption>
 </figure>"People are smiling, people are doing exactly what we wanted this market to be, they're talking to one another and being a community," said Salina Downtown, Inc. (SDI) Executive Director Leslie Bishop. "This parking lot is meant to look like this on a Saturday morning."<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/5/1716240533015.jpeg" alt="Wind River Farm owner Angela Price (left) chats with a customer, Willow Leenders (right) about the benefits of using goat-milk soap during the first Farm and Art Market Downtown on Saturday, May 18, near City Lights Stage in Salina. Photo by Olivia Bergmeier" />
 <figcaption>Wind River Farm owner Angela Price (left) chats with a customer, Willow Leenders (right) about the benefits of using goat-milk soap during the first Farm and Art Market Downtown on Saturday, May 18, near City Lights Stage in Salina. Photo by Olivia Bergmeier</figcaption>
 </figure>Familiar businesses like AJ Honey Farms, LLC, Shroom-Mates and Bowden Beef participated in the first market. Still, Bishop said there will be about 20 to 22 vendors in the next few weekends as produce ripens.Wind River Farm, a local goat farm owned by Angela Price from Falun, joined in selling various goat milk soaps and balms to customers.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/5/1716240588495.jpeg" alt="Wind River Farm goat-milk soaps lay out on a table ready for customers to browse during the first Farm and Art Market Downtown on Saturday, May 18, near City Lights Stage in Salina. Photo by Olivia Bergmeier" />
 <figcaption>Wind River Farm goat-milk soaps lay out on a table ready for customers to browse during the first Farm and Art Market Downtown on Saturday, May 18, near City Lights Stage in Salina. Photo by Olivia Bergmeier</figcaption>
 </figure>"It doesn't look like any first market that I've seen — there's a lot more traffic, a lot more vendors for the first ever, and so I expect good things from this market," Price said.&nbsp;"Salina Downtown showed me a few things&nbsp;of&nbsp;what&nbsp;their plans&nbsp;are&nbsp;for this area, and I'm very impressed and looking forward to sticking around."READ MORE: <a href="https://salinapost.com/posts/dceab434-5a0f-431a-8951-c8413870c905">Salina City Commissioners 'OK' next steps for possible shade structure in Downtown Salina</a><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/5/1716240670046.jpeg" alt="AJ Honey Farms, LLC, wax melts stand ready for customers to browse during the first Farm and Art Market Downtown on Saturday, May 18, near City Lights Stage in Salina. Photo by Olivia Bergmeier" />
 <figcaption>AJ Honey Farms, LLC, wax melts stand ready for customers to browse during the first Farm and Art Market Downtown on Saturday, May 18, near City Lights Stage in Salina. Photo by Olivia Bergmeier</figcaption>
 </figure><a href="https://www.salinadowntown.org/farmartmarket">The Farm and Art Market Downtown</a> aims to provide a space for all local Salina vendors to join in and sell their goods, art and other handmade items. More than 500 people stopped by the market on Saturday. Vendors sold-out of produce and craft goods within hours of the market's grand opening.&nbsp;The market begins at 7:30 a.m. every Saturday during the summer and ends at noon at the City Lights Stage parking lot in downtown Salina.

New Farm and Art Market Downtown, celebrating community with local small business

<a href="mailto:melgares@ksu.edu" target="_blank">By PAT MELGARES </a>K-State Research and Extension news service

Late May and early June are an important period for one of home gardener’s favorite crops – tomatoes.

Kansas State University horticultural expert Cynthia Domenghini said tomatoes need support to remain upright. If left to grow on the ground, she notes, tomatoes receive less airflow and are at greater risk for disease.

“Support structures keep the fruit off the ground, which helps reduce contamination from contact with soil,” Domenghini said.

Is there a right or wrong way to support tomatoes? “Maybe…” Domenghini said.

For small, container tomatoes, traditional cages purchased at local stores can be effective. The cages often come in fun colors, but tend to be more expensive than building your own. “The support they provide is minimal and often insufficient for most tomato varieties,” Domenghini said.

She suggests home gardeners build their own cages using concrete reinforcing mesh.

“With a roll 150 feet long and five feet tall, you can create multiple tomato cages and trellises to support climbing plants,” she said. “The openings between the wires are large enough to fit your hand through for harvesting and allow even large slicing tomatoes to slide through.”

To make your own tomato cage, cut the wire to the desired length and create a cylinder that will wrap around the plant. As an example, Domenghini notes that cutting wire to a length of six feet will make a cage that is almost two feet in diameter.

Wrap the cut wires around the other end of the panel to make a cylindrical shape. “To keep the cage in place, you will need at least one or two wooden stakes,” she said. “Hammer them into the soil several inches and attach the cage to them using wire or garden tape.”

Another support method is a trellising system known as ‘basketweave’ or ‘stake and weave.’ With plants in a row, place a t-post in the ground between every few plants, and a t-post at the beginning and end of each row.“When plants are about one foot tall, tie a strand of twine to the t-post at one end of the row,” Domenghini said. “Walk the length of the row holding the twine and wrapping it around each t-post as you pass.”

At the end of the row, she adds, wrap the twine around the t-post and return to the start while again wrapping the twine around each post.

“As you come upon plants, they should be carefully placed between the strings for support,” Domenghini said. “When you reach the starting point, cut the twine and secure it to the t-post. As the plants grow, add twine higher up on the posts in the same pattern. Twine should be added every 8-12 inches, or at least before the plants begin to droop.”

Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">Horticulture Newsletter</a>&nbsp;with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">view online</a>&nbsp;or can be delivered by email each week.

Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to Domenghini at&nbsp;cdom@ksu.edu,&nbsp;or contact your&nbsp;local K-State Research and Extension office.

Does it matter when I put mulch around my tomato plants?

Great question! We know mulch is a temperature regulator. Typically, we think of it as a good thing, as it keeps the soil from getting too hot during the summer.

However, that also means that if applied early in the spring, it is going to slow down the soil from warming up when our warm season veggies really need it to. It may also retain too much moisture due to slower evaporation rates.

So, it is best to wait until the soil has warmed up, usually late-May to early-June, before adding mulch around tomato plants

Cynthia Domenghini Kansas State University Horticulturalist&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/5/1715962865308.png" alt="Image Courtesy KSRE" />
 <figcaption>Image Courtesy KSRE</figcaption>
 </figure><a href="mailto:melgares@ksu.edu" target="_blank">By PAT MELGARES </a>K-State Research and Extension news serviceLate May and early June are an important period for one of home gardener’s favorite crops – tomatoes.Kansas State University horticultural expert Cynthia Domenghini said tomatoes need support to remain upright. If left to grow on the ground, she notes, tomatoes receive less airflow and are at greater risk for disease.“Support structures keep the fruit off the ground, which helps reduce contamination from contact with soil,” Domenghini said.Is there a right or wrong way to support tomatoes? “Maybe…” Domenghini said.For small, container tomatoes, traditional cages purchased at local stores can be effective. The cages often come in fun colors, but tend to be more expensive than building your own. “The support they provide is minimal and often insufficient for most tomato varieties,” Domenghini said.She suggests home gardeners build their own cages using concrete reinforcing mesh.“With a roll 150 feet long and five feet tall, you can create multiple tomato cages and trellises to support climbing plants,” she said. “The openings between the wires are large enough to fit your hand through for harvesting and allow even large slicing tomatoes to slide through.”To make your own tomato cage, cut the wire to the desired length and create a cylinder that will wrap around the plant. As an example, Domenghini notes that cutting wire to a length of six feet will make a cage that is almost two feet in diameter.Wrap the cut wires around the other end of the panel to make a cylindrical shape. “To keep the cage in place, you will need at least one or two wooden stakes,” she said. “Hammer them into the soil several inches and attach the cage to them using wire or garden tape.”Another support method is a trellising system known as ‘basketweave’ or ‘stake and weave.’ With plants in a row, place a t-post in the ground between every few plants, and a t-post at the beginning and end of each row.“When plants are about one foot tall, tie a strand of twine to the t-post at one end of the row,” Domenghini said. “Walk the length of the row holding the twine and wrapping it around each t-post as you pass.”At the end of the row, she adds, wrap the twine around the t-post and return to the start while again wrapping the twine around each post.“As you come upon plants, they should be carefully placed between the strings for support,” Domenghini said. “When you reach the starting point, cut the twine and secure it to the t-post. As the plants grow, add twine higher up on the posts in the same pattern. Twine should be added every 8-12 inches, or at least before the plants begin to droop.”Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">Horticulture Newsletter</a>&nbsp;with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">view online</a>&nbsp;or can be delivered by email each week.Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to Domenghini at&nbsp;cdom@ksu.edu,&nbsp;or contact your&nbsp;local K-State Research and Extension office.<h2>Question of the Week</h2>Does it matter when I put mulch around my tomato plants?Great question! We know mulch is a temperature regulator. Typically, we think of it as a good thing, as it keeps the soil from getting too hot during the summer.However, that also means that if applied early in the spring, it is going to slow down the soil from warming up when our warm season veggies really need it to. It may also retain too much moisture due to slower evaporation rates.So, it is best to wait until the soil has warmed up, usually late-May to early-June, before adding mulch around tomato plantsCynthia Domenghini Kansas State University Horticulturalist&nbsp;&nbsp;

KSRE Tomato Talk: Stake plants to keep fruit off ground, reduce risk of disease

K-State Research and Extension news service

Storm season can be stressful for many reasons, but for Kansas gardeners, protecting their plants is a priority.

With Kansas’ storm season in full swing, Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini has tips on how to protect and recover gardens from severe weather damage.

“We are entering storm season and various areas of the state will likely have high winds, excessive rainfall and hail,” Domenghini said.

“The force of rainfall pounding on the soil can result in a thick crust that prevents seed emergence and partially blocks oxygen from reaching roots,” Domenghini said. A shallow cultivation with a rotary hoe or other tool can break up the crusted soil. Domenghini cautions against deep tiling as it could damage young, tender roots.

“Standing water cuts off oxygen to the roots, which can result in plant damage if it doesn’t drain quickly enough,” she said. Plants can sometimes handle 24 hours of standing water, but hot weather following the rainfall can cause the water to become hot enough to ‘cook’ the plants.

“There isn’t much that can be done about this unless a channel can be cut to allow the water to drain,” Domenghini said.

Hail damaged plants should recover quickly as long as only the leaves were damaged. If stems and fruit were damaged the situation may become more serious. “The plant can recover from a few bruises, but if it looks like the plants were mowed down by a weed whip, replanting is in order,” Domenghini said.

“Either wind or water can cause plants to lean,” Domenghini said “They should start to straighten after a few days.” She does not recommend trying to bend them back as the plants often break easily.

Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to Domenghini at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cdom@ksu.edu,">cdom@ksu.edu,</a>&nbsp;or contact your&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html">local K-State Research and Extension office</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/5/1715094825877.png" alt="Gardens can take a beating during severe weather season. K-State horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini shares tips on protecting gardens from damage. Image Courtesy KSRE" />
 <figcaption>Gardens can take a beating during severe weather season. K-State horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini shares tips on protecting gardens from damage. Image Courtesy KSRE</figcaption>
 </figure>K-State Research and Extension news serviceStorm season can be stressful for many reasons, but for Kansas gardeners, protecting their plants is a priority.With Kansas’ storm season in full swing, Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini has tips on how to protect and recover gardens from severe weather damage.“We are entering storm season and various areas of the state will likely have high winds, excessive rainfall and hail,” Domenghini said.Domenghini’s recommendations include:Heavy Rain“The force of rainfall pounding on the soil can result in a thick crust that prevents seed emergence and partially blocks oxygen from reaching roots,” Domenghini said. A shallow cultivation with a rotary hoe or other tool can break up the crusted soil. Domenghini cautions against deep tiling as it could damage young, tender roots.Standing Water“Standing water cuts off oxygen to the roots, which can result in plant damage if it doesn’t drain quickly enough,” she said. Plants can sometimes handle 24 hours of standing water, but hot weather following the rainfall can cause the water to become hot enough to ‘cook’ the plants.“There isn’t much that can be done about this unless a channel can be cut to allow the water to drain,” Domenghini said.Hail DamageHail damaged plants should recover quickly as long as only the leaves were damaged. If stems and fruit were damaged the situation may become more serious. “The plant can recover from a few bruises, but if it looks like the plants were mowed down by a weed whip, replanting is in order,” Domenghini said.Leaning Plant“Either wind or water can cause plants to lean,” Domenghini said “They should start to straighten after a few days.” She does not recommend trying to bend them back as the plants often break easily.Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">Horticulture Newsletter</a>&nbsp;with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">view online</a>&nbsp;or can be delivered by email each week.Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to Domenghini at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cdom@ksu.edu,">cdom@ksu.edu,</a>&nbsp;or contact your&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html">local K-State Research and Extension office</a>.

K-State horticulture expert shares how to help gardens through severe weather

K-State horticulture expert shares management tips for homeowners whose trees were damaged by recent storms.

By&nbsp;<a href="mailto:maddy23@ksu.edu">MADDY ROHR </a>K-State Research and Extension news service

Recent storms across the Midwest left many homeowners with damaged trees from heavy wind&nbsp;and rain. Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini shares tips to manage storm-damaged trees:

Not all trees should be salvaged.&nbsp;Trees with bark that has split and exposed the cambium or those where the main trunk has split are not likely to survive.

“Trees with so many broken limbs that the structure is altered may best be replaced,” Domenghini said. “Though these trees may produce new growth, they are under such extreme stress they are much more susceptible to diseases/pests and can be dangerous due to increased risk for further breaks.”

Prune broken branches to the next large branch or the trunk. Domenghini cautions against cutting branches flush with the trunk, cut to the collar area where the branch attaches to the trunk.

“Cutting flush to the trunk creates a larger wound that takes longer to heal,” Domenghini said.

Cut back large limbs progressively.&nbsp;The first cut should be made on the underside of the branch about 15 inches away from the trunk. Cut about one-third of the way through the limb.

The second cut should be made on top of the branch but about two inches further away from the trunk, creating an angle when joined with the first cut. This will cause the branch to break away.

The third cut should be made at the collar to remove the resulting stub.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/5/1714655748355.png" alt="Managing storm-damaged trees K-State expert says not all trees should be salvaged. Storm-damaged trees with bark that has split and exposed the cambium or those where the main trunk has split are not likely to survive. Image Courtesy KSRE" />
 <figcaption>Managing storm-damaged trees K-State expert says not all trees should be salvaged. Storm-damaged trees with bark that has split and exposed the cambium or those where the main trunk has split are not likely to survive. Image Courtesy KSRE</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>K-State horticulture expert shares management tips for homeowners whose trees were damaged by recent storms.</h2>By&nbsp;<a href="mailto:maddy23@ksu.edu">MADDY ROHR </a>K-State Research and Extension news serviceRecent storms across the Midwest left many homeowners with damaged trees from heavy wind&nbsp;and rain. Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini shares tips to manage storm-damaged trees:Not all trees should be salvaged.&nbsp;Trees with bark that has split and exposed the cambium or those where the main trunk has split are not likely to survive.“Trees with so many broken limbs that the structure is altered may best be replaced,” Domenghini said. “Though these trees may produce new growth, they are under such extreme stress they are much more susceptible to diseases/pests and can be dangerous due to increased risk for further breaks.”Prune broken branches to the next large branch or the trunk. Domenghini cautions against cutting branches flush with the trunk, cut to the collar area where the branch attaches to the trunk.“Cutting flush to the trunk creates a larger wound that takes longer to heal,” Domenghini said.Cut back large limbs progressively.&nbsp;The first cut should be made on the underside of the branch about 15 inches away from the trunk. Cut about one-third of the way through the limb.The second cut should be made on top of the branch but about two inches further away from the trunk, creating an angle when joined with the first cut. This will cause the branch to break away.The third cut should be made at the collar to remove the resulting stub.Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">Horticulture Newsletter</a>&nbsp;with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">view online</a>&nbsp;or can be delivered by email each week.Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to Domenghini at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cdom@ksu.edu,">cdom@ksu.edu,</a>&nbsp;or contact your&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html">local K-State Research and Extension office</a>.

KSRE — Tips to managing storm damaged trees

It may seem trivial, but home gardeners who choose to use plastic mulch may want to note the advantages that research has shown for colored mulches over the more traditional black plastic mulch.

Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said plastic mulches have long been known to provide advantages for the vegetable grower, including earlier fruiting, increased yields and weed control.

Research is showing that some crops do even better when colored plastic mulches are used. For one of Kansas gardener’s favorites – tomatoes – the color choice is…red. (Surprise!)

“Though normally there is an increase in production of marketable fruit with red mulch over black mulch, the amount of the increase varies with the type of (weather) we have,” Domenghini said. “There may be no increase during years of near-perfect weather, or up to a 20% increase with less favorable growing conditions. An average expected increase is about 12%.”

According to Domenghini, the steps for applying plastic mulch include:

⦁ Place a trickle irrigation line near the center of where the mulch will lay. The plastic will prevent rainwater or overhead irrigation from reaching the plants.

⦁ Construct trenches for the outer six inches of the plastic mulch. This allows the center of the bed to be undisturbed with the edges of the mulch draping down into the trench.

⦁ Fill the trenches to cover the edges of the mulch. This will prevent wind from catching and blowing the mulch. If the soil has been tilled, use a hoe to prepare the trenches.

Commercial growers have a mulch-laying machine to apply the trickle irrigation line and mulch in one step. Home gardeners must do this by hand.

The downside of plastic mulch is disposal, Domenghini adds.

“Availability of biodegradable plastic mulches will likely increase in years to come,” Domenghini said. “Some gardeners are able to re-use their plastic mulch for multiple years but as soil covers the top it reduces the efficacy of weed prevention.”

Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly <a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/horticulture-resource-center/horticulture-newsletter/">Horticulture Newsletter </a>with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to view online or can be delivered by email each week.

Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to Domenghini at cdom@ksu.edu, or contact your <a href="https://www.centralkansas.k-state.edu/">local K-State Research and Extension office.</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/4/1712582366494.png" alt=" K-State horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said plastic mulches have long been known to provide advantages for the vegetable grower, including earlier fruiting, increased yields and weed control. Some crops do even better with colored mulches." />
 <figcaption> K-State horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said plastic mulches have long been known to provide advantages for the vegetable grower, including earlier fruiting, increased yields and weed control. Some crops do even better with colored mulches.</figcaption>
 </figure>K-State Horticulture NewsletterIt may seem trivial, but home gardeners who choose to use plastic mulch may want to note the advantages that research has shown for colored mulches over the more traditional black plastic mulch.Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said plastic mulches have long been known to provide advantages for the vegetable grower, including earlier fruiting, increased yields and weed control.Research is showing that some crops do even better when colored plastic mulches are used. For one of Kansas gardener’s favorites – tomatoes – the color choice is…red. (Surprise!)“Though normally there is an increase in production of marketable fruit with red mulch over black mulch, the amount of the increase varies with the type of (weather) we have,” Domenghini said. “There may be no increase during years of near-perfect weather, or up to a 20% increase with less favorable growing conditions. An average expected increase is about 12%.”According to Domenghini, the steps for applying plastic mulch include:⦁ Prepare the soil.⦁ Place a trickle irrigation line near the center of where the mulch will lay. The plastic will prevent rainwater or overhead irrigation from reaching the plants.⦁ Construct trenches for the outer six inches of the plastic mulch. This allows the center of the bed to be undisturbed with the edges of the mulch draping down into the trench.⦁ Fill the trenches to cover the edges of the mulch. This will prevent wind from catching and blowing the mulch. If the soil has been tilled, use a hoe to prepare the trenches.Commercial growers have a mulch-laying machine to apply the trickle irrigation line and mulch in one step. Home gardeners must do this by hand.The downside of plastic mulch is disposal, Domenghini adds.“Availability of biodegradable plastic mulches will likely increase in years to come,” Domenghini said. “Some gardeners are able to re-use their plastic mulch for multiple years but as soil covers the top it reduces the efficacy of weed prevention.”Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly <a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/horticulture-resource-center/horticulture-newsletter/">Horticulture Newsletter </a>with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to view online or can be delivered by email each week.Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to Domenghini at cdom@ksu.edu, or contact your <a href="https://www.centralkansas.k-state.edu/">local K-State Research and Extension office.</a>

KSRE — Colored plastic mulches may provide boost to garden crops

K-State expert urges proactive approach to preventing weeds

By MADDY ROHR K-State Research and Extension news service

&nbsp;Fighting weeds in the lawn can be an all-season battle. Still, Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said preventive measures can be taken now to prevent a weed invasion later.

Below are common reasons why weeds invade lawns:

⦁ Improper mowing: Mowing too low and too infrequently thins the turf, allowing weeds to get started.

⦁ Improper watering: Frequent watering encourages weed seed germination, disease, thatch, and a shallow-rooted turf that is less competitive with weeds for soil moisture and nutrients.

⦁ Improper fertilizing: Fertilizing too much, too little or at the wrong time may benefit weeds more than grass.

⦁ Insect and disease Injury: Weeds rapidly invade lawns that are thinned by insects and diseases.

⦁ Compacted soil: Soil compaction is a hidden stress on the turfgrass root system. The grass is unable to compete effectively with weeds.

⦁ Excessive wear: Turf areas used for recreation and sports are subjected to wear and compaction.

⦁ Wrong kind of grass: The wrong kind of grass for the location will gradually decline and be invaded by weeds.

⦁ Environmental stress: Weeds often take over a lawn after it has been weakened and thinned from weather-related stress.

⦁ Thatch: Excessive thatch causes shallow-rooted grass and contributes to insect and disease problems.

Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly <a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/horticulture-resource-center/horticulture-newsletter/">Horticulture Newsletter</a> with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to view online or can be delivered by email each week.

Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to Domenghini at cdom@ksu.edu, or contact your local K-State Research and Extension office.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/4/1711977062660.png" alt="K-State horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini provides tips to prevent weed invasions in the home lawn. Photo Courtesy KSRE" />
 <figcaption>K-State horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini provides tips to prevent weed invasions in the home lawn. Photo Courtesy KSRE</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>K-State expert urges proactive approach to preventing weeds</h2>By MADDY ROHR K-State Research and Extension news service&nbsp;Fighting weeds in the lawn can be an all-season battle. Still, Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said preventive measures can be taken now to prevent a weed invasion later.Below are common reasons why weeds invade lawns:⦁ Improper mowing: Mowing too low and too infrequently thins the turf, allowing weeds to get started.⦁ Improper watering: Frequent watering encourages weed seed germination, disease, thatch, and a shallow-rooted turf that is less competitive with weeds for soil moisture and nutrients.⦁ Improper fertilizing: Fertilizing too much, too little or at the wrong time may benefit weeds more than grass.⦁ Insect and disease Injury: Weeds rapidly invade lawns that are thinned by insects and diseases.⦁ Compacted soil: Soil compaction is a hidden stress on the turfgrass root system. The grass is unable to compete effectively with weeds.⦁ Excessive wear: Turf areas used for recreation and sports are subjected to wear and compaction.⦁ Wrong kind of grass: The wrong kind of grass for the location will gradually decline and be invaded by weeds.⦁ Environmental stress: Weeds often take over a lawn after it has been weakened and thinned from weather-related stress.⦁ Thatch: Excessive thatch causes shallow-rooted grass and contributes to insect and disease problems.Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly <a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/horticulture-resource-center/horticulture-newsletter/">Horticulture Newsletter</a> with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to view online or can be delivered by email each week.Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to Domenghini at cdom@ksu.edu, or contact your local K-State Research and Extension office.

KSRE shares tips for managing a home lawn weed invasion 

Invasive species are forcing out native vegetation, says state forest health expert

&nbsp;A Kansas Forest Service official is urging Kansans to be on the lookout for the Callery pear tree and bush honeysuckle, a pair of invasive species that threaten the state’s forests and ecosystems by pushing out native vegetation.

<a href="mailto:melgares@ksu.edu" target="_blank">By PAT MELGARES</a> K-State Research and Extension news service

A Kansas Forest Service official is urging Kansans to be on the lookout for a pair of invasive species that threaten the state’s forests and ecosystems by pushing out native vegetation.

Ryan Rastok, the forest health coordinator with KFS, said Callery pear and bush honeysuckle are especially meddlesome this time of year.

“I was flying back from Georgia into Kansas City recently and as we were flying into the airport, I could see an abundance of callery pear, even from the plane,” Rastok said.

For a brief time – often in early April – the Callery pear puts on a stunning display of white flowers. But behind the beauty belies a menace.

Native to China, the Callery pear includes 26 cultivars that present significant ecological concerns in Kansas and Missouri. Among them:

It displaces native trees and plants in the wild, which lowers ecologocial biodiversity. The tree does not host native pollinators.

It leafs out before woodland wildflowers emerge from dormancy, robbing them of critical sunlight and preventing their growth.

 Its’ egg-shaped structure – at heights of 30-40 feet – and brittle wood make it prone to falling limbs that can damage people and property.

“Yeah, there’s been a myriad of descriptions for the smell, most of them vile and maybe some not appropriate to say out loud,” he said.

Rastok said the Kansas Forest Service and several partners are sponsoring a Callery pear ‘buyback’ in late April and early May. To qualify, landowners must cut down a blooming Callery pear tree, and send in a photo. Supplies are limited, but landowners may receive an option for one of nearly a dozen replacement trees at no cost.

More information is available at&nbsp;<a href="https://deeproots.org/callery-pear-events">https://deeproots.org/callery-pear-events</a>.

Bush Honeysuckle is another invasive that Rastok urges homeowners to identify and remove. The shrub spreads up to 15-20 feet in height with flowers that change from white to yellow; juicy red berries; and opposite, simple leaves that green up much earlier than surrounding native vegetation.

The shrub typically flowers in May or June, and unlike the Callery pear, is more fragrant.

Rastok said not counting such human activities as urban sprawl and others, bush honeysuckle “is the biggest threat to our native forests and ecosystems in Kansas, and it’s continuing to spread so we need to keep the pressure on that one, as well. The biggest issue right now is that it’s starting to establish in the state’s woodlands where it will eventually push out our native vegetation…it simplifies the ecosystem by lowering its overall floral and faunal diversity.”

Neither the Callery pear nor the bush honeysuckle are easily managed by prescribed burning, Rastok said. More information on controls, and options for replenishing areas where trees have been removed, is available from the Kansas Forest Service,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.kansasforests.org/">www.kansasforests.org</a>, or by contacting Rastok,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:rrastok@ksu.edu">rrastok@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or 785-410-0399.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/3/1711373470920.jpeg" alt="Bush honeysuckle spreads up to 15-20 feet in height with flowers that change from white to yellow. Photo courtesy of Kansas Forest Service" />
 <figcaption>Bush honeysuckle spreads up to 15-20 feet in height with flowers that change from white to yellow. Photo courtesy of Kansas Forest Service</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>Invasive species are forcing out native vegetation, says state forest health expert</h2>&nbsp;A Kansas Forest Service official is urging Kansans to be on the lookout for the Callery pear tree and bush honeysuckle, a pair of invasive species that threaten the state’s forests and ecosystems by pushing out native vegetation.<a href="mailto:melgares@ksu.edu" target="_blank">By PAT MELGARES</a> K-State Research and Extension news serviceA Kansas Forest Service official is urging Kansans to be on the lookout for a pair of invasive species that threaten the state’s forests and ecosystems by pushing out native vegetation.Ryan Rastok, the forest health coordinator with KFS, said Callery pear and bush honeysuckle are especially meddlesome this time of year.“I was flying back from Georgia into Kansas City recently and as we were flying into the airport, I could see an abundance of callery pear, even from the plane,” Rastok said.For a brief time – often in early April – the Callery pear puts on a stunning display of white flowers. But behind the beauty belies a menace.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/3/1711373520967.jpeg" alt="Callery pear tree in full bloom. Photo courtesy of Kansas Forest Service" />
 <figcaption>Callery pear tree in full bloom. Photo courtesy of Kansas Forest Service</figcaption>
 </figure>Native to China, the Callery pear includes 26 cultivars that present significant ecological concerns in Kansas and Missouri. Among them:It displaces native trees and plants in the wild, which lowers ecologocial biodiversity. The tree does not host native pollinators.It leafs out before woodland wildflowers emerge from dormancy, robbing them of critical sunlight and preventing their growth. Its’ egg-shaped structure – at heights of 30-40 feet – and brittle wood make it prone to falling limbs that can damage people and property.And, Rastok says, it smells.“Yeah, there’s been a myriad of descriptions for the smell, most of them vile and maybe some not appropriate to say out loud,” he said.Rastok said the Kansas Forest Service and several partners are sponsoring a Callery pear ‘buyback’ in late April and early May. To qualify, landowners must cut down a blooming Callery pear tree, and send in a photo. Supplies are limited, but landowners may receive an option for one of nearly a dozen replacement trees at no cost.More information is available at&nbsp;<a href="https://deeproots.org/callery-pear-events">https://deeproots.org/callery-pear-events</a>.Bush Honeysuckle is another invasive that Rastok urges homeowners to identify and remove. The shrub spreads up to 15-20 feet in height with flowers that change from white to yellow; juicy red berries; and opposite, simple leaves that green up much earlier than surrounding native vegetation.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/3/1711373552517.jpeg" alt="Bush honeysuckle with red berries.&nbsp;(Photo courtesy of Kansas Forest Service)&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Bush honeysuckle with red berries.&nbsp;(Photo courtesy of Kansas Forest Service)&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>The shrub typically flowers in May or June, and unlike the Callery pear, is more fragrant.Rastok said not counting such human activities as urban sprawl and others, bush honeysuckle “is the biggest threat to our native forests and ecosystems in Kansas, and it’s continuing to spread so we need to keep the pressure on that one, as well. The biggest issue right now is that it’s starting to establish in the state’s woodlands where it will eventually push out our native vegetation…it simplifies the ecosystem by lowering its overall floral and faunal diversity.”Neither the Callery pear nor the bush honeysuckle are easily managed by prescribed burning, Rastok said. More information on controls, and options for replenishing areas where trees have been removed, is available from the Kansas Forest Service,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.kansasforests.org/">www.kansasforests.org</a>, or by contacting Rastok,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:rrastok@ksu.edu">rrastok@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or 785-410-0399.

Forest officials urge removal of Callery pear, bush honeysuckle

Spring is near and now is the time to learn about new annual flower varieties that can bring beauty to your home landscape and containers in 2024.&nbsp;&nbsp; Central Kansas District K-State Research and Extension and the Salina Horticulture Club will be hosting Mike DeRee of Ball Seed Company here in Salina&nbsp;on March 11 at 6:30 p.m.&nbsp; Mike’s presentation will cover new and recently released high performing annual flower varieties for Kansas.&nbsp;&nbsp; This is a free presentation that will be held at K-State Salina in the College Center Building Conference Room.&nbsp; If you would like to attend, please RSVP for a chair at the presentation at the Central Kansas District Extension website.&nbsp; Visit the website here:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.centralkansas.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/">https://www.centralkansas.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/</a>&nbsp;

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/3/1709571983060.jpeg" alt="image Courtesy KSRE" />
 <figcaption>image Courtesy KSRE</figcaption>
 </figure>SubmittedSpring is near and now is the time to learn about new annual flower varieties that can bring beauty to your home landscape and containers in 2024.&nbsp;&nbsp; Central Kansas District K-State Research and Extension and the Salina Horticulture Club will be hosting Mike DeRee of Ball Seed Company here in Salina&nbsp;on March 11 at 6:30 p.m.&nbsp; Mike’s presentation will cover new and recently released high performing annual flower varieties for Kansas.&nbsp;&nbsp; This is a free presentation that will be held at K-State Salina in the College Center Building Conference Room.&nbsp; If you would like to attend, please RSVP for a chair at the presentation at the Central Kansas District Extension website.&nbsp; Visit the website here:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.centralkansas.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/">https://www.centralkansas.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/</a>&nbsp; K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

New annual flowers for Kansas presentation March 11

It’s still nearly three months before Kansas gardeners begin to put tomato plants into the ground. Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini says that’s an opportunity for gardeners to set themselves up for a bountiful season.

“Most of the varieties available to home gardeners are indeterminate,” Domenghini said.

Indeterminate plants are traditional tomatoes that never stop growing. They are capable of producing fruit throughout the season unless disease stops production or frost kills the plant.

Domenghini said gardeners will benefit from choosing tomato varieties with strong disease resistance characteristics.

“Gardeners with limited space will likely prefer indeterminate or determinate types to stretch out the harvest season,” Domenghini said. “If there is space, you may want to grow a combination of all three, with the determinates used to produce a large harvest for canning or tomato juice, and the remainder for fresh eating.”

In Kansas, tomatoes are generally planted in early- to mid-May, or when daytime temperatures are above 70 degrees Fahrenheit and the state has passed the frost-free date. In some areas, such as the northwest part of the state, conditions might not be right for planting tomatoes until the middle of May or a bit later, according to Domenghini.

Even though indeterminate varieties produce fruit throughout the season, “our hot Kansas summers often cause a dry spell in production,” Domenghini said.

Tomatoes are less likely to set fruit when night temperatures remain above 75 F and day temperatures are above 95 F. Hot, dry winds make the situation worse, Domenghini said.

Each year, <a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/consumer-horticulture/master-gardener//">Kansas Master Gardeners</a> plant and rate a number of tomato varieties. Domenghini noted that a subsequent trial is conducted by a colleague with the University of Missouri extension service.

Results of trials conducted by Kansas’ Master Gardeners vary by county. Interested persons are encouraged to <a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations/">contact their local extension office</a> for more information on varieties that perform well in their area.

Domenghini said the University of Missouri trials also give valuable information on varieties that perform well in this region. The data from Missouri’s extension service showed that the top 10 varieties (based on pounds of fruit harvested per plant) are:

Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly <a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/horticulture-resource-center/horticulture-newsletter/">Horticulture Newsletter</a> with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/2/1707851964934.png" alt="K-State horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said February is a good time to begin thinking about tomato varieties that fit your garden. Image Courtesy K-State Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>K-State horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said February is a good time to begin thinking about tomato varieties that fit your garden. Image Courtesy K-State Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By MADDY ROHR K-State Research and Extension news serviceIt’s still nearly three months before Kansas gardeners begin to put tomato plants into the ground. Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini says that’s an opportunity for gardeners to set themselves up for a bountiful season.“Most of the varieties available to home gardeners are indeterminate,” Domenghini said.Indeterminate plants are traditional tomatoes that never stop growing. They are capable of producing fruit throughout the season unless disease stops production or frost kills the plant.Domenghini said gardeners will benefit from choosing tomato varieties with strong disease resistance characteristics.“Gardeners with limited space will likely prefer indeterminate or determinate types to stretch out the harvest season,” Domenghini said. “If there is space, you may want to grow a combination of all three, with the determinates used to produce a large harvest for canning or tomato juice, and the remainder for fresh eating.”In Kansas, tomatoes are generally planted in early- to mid-May, or when daytime temperatures are above 70 degrees Fahrenheit and the state has passed the frost-free date. In some areas, such as the northwest part of the state, conditions might not be right for planting tomatoes until the middle of May or a bit later, according to Domenghini.Even though indeterminate varieties produce fruit throughout the season, “our hot Kansas summers often cause a dry spell in production,” Domenghini said.Tomatoes are less likely to set fruit when night temperatures remain above 75 F and day temperatures are above 95 F. Hot, dry winds make the situation worse, Domenghini said.Tomato trialsEach year, <a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/consumer-horticulture/master-gardener//">Kansas Master Gardeners</a> plant and rate a number of tomato varieties. Domenghini noted that a subsequent trial is conducted by a colleague with the University of Missouri extension service.Results of trials conducted by Kansas’ Master Gardeners vary by county. Interested persons are encouraged to <a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations/">contact their local extension office</a> for more information on varieties that perform well in their area.Domenghini said the University of Missouri trials also give valuable information on varieties that perform well in this region. The data from Missouri’s extension service showed that the top 10 varieties (based on pounds of fruit harvested per plant) are:Amish PasteBeefmasterBeefsteakBig BeefCelebrityChef’s ChoiceEarly GirlFlorida 91Jet StarSummer PickDomenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly <a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/horticulture-resource-center/horticulture-newsletter/">Horticulture Newsletter</a> with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens.

KSRE: It's Feb., are you thinking about tomatoes yet?

By PAT MELGARES K-State Research and Extension news service

Nobel Peace Prize winner Charles Rice will highlight Kansas State University’s popular&nbsp;<a href="https://ksre-learn.com/KStateGardenHour">Garden Hour</a>&nbsp;series on Feb. 7 when he gives a talk on factors related to gardening in a changing climate.

The K-State Garden Hour is a free, online series held on the first Wednesday of each month from noon to 1 p.m. In 2023, organizers report that 13,794 participants were drawn to at least one presentation in the series.

Rice is a Kansas State University Distinguished Professor of Soil Microbiology who was a co-winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

His Feb. 7 talk will cover the difficulty of gardening in the extreme weather of Kansas, as well as information on how to adjust gardening practices in response to climate changes. Rice gave a similar talk during the International Master Gardener Conference in Overland Park, Kansas last summer.

The 2024 K-State Garden Hour series kicked off on Jan. 3 with a presentation on using nature’s décor in floral design. Matthew McKernan, one of the series’ organizers, said that session is&nbsp;<a href="https://ksre-learn.com/KStateGardenHour">available to view online</a>.

Full descriptions of each topic are&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/consumer-horticulture/garden-hour">available online</a>. McKernan said all sessions are recorded and available shortly after to view online, as well.

“We want to invite all gardeners to participate in the 2024 series,” McKernan said. “Whether you join the presentations live or view the recordings, we hope each month brings inspiration to every level of gardener.”

Since the K-State Garden Hour began in 2020 – during the height of the COVID pandemic – McKernan said 62,887 participants have viewed the monthly discussions. He notes that 97% of the participants said the webinars have contributed to improvements in their physical and emotional health, including 98% who said they are more physically active, and 99% saying they have experienced more personal optimism through gardening.

Also, 70% of participants in the K-State Garden Hour reported making at least five efforts to improve water quality in their community, and 69% reported implementing at least five water conservation practices as a result of the webinar series.

The series has always been available for free, but McKernan said some assistance may be needed to keep it that way. Those who wish to make tax-deductible contributions to the K-State Garden Hour – McKernan said contributions pay for an annual Zoom webinar license – can do so&nbsp;<a href="https://www.givecampus.com/campaigns/33618/donations/new">through the KSU Foundation</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/2/1706981076852.jpeg" alt="Graphic courtesy K-State Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>Graphic courtesy K-State Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By PAT MELGARES K-State Research and Extension news serviceNobel Peace Prize winner Charles Rice will highlight Kansas State University’s popular&nbsp;<a href="https://ksre-learn.com/KStateGardenHour">Garden Hour</a>&nbsp;series on Feb. 7 when he gives a talk on factors related to gardening in a changing climate.The K-State Garden Hour is a free, online series held on the first Wednesday of each month from noon to 1 p.m. In 2023, organizers report that 13,794 participants were drawn to at least one presentation in the series.Rice is a Kansas State University Distinguished Professor of Soil Microbiology who was a co-winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.His Feb. 7 talk will cover the difficulty of gardening in the extreme weather of Kansas, as well as information on how to adjust gardening practices in response to climate changes. Rice gave a similar talk during the International Master Gardener Conference in Overland Park, Kansas last summer.The 2024 K-State Garden Hour series kicked off on Jan. 3 with a presentation on using nature’s décor in floral design. Matthew McKernan, one of the series’ organizers, said that session is&nbsp;<a href="https://ksre-learn.com/KStateGardenHour">available to view online</a>.Upcoming Wednesday sessions include:<ul>
 <li>March 6 – Selecting and planting fruit trees for Kansas.</li><li>April 3 – Companion plants for your garden.</li><li>May 1 – Understanding water sources for your garden.</li><li>June 5 – Growing cut flowers for the home and farmers market.</li><li>July 3 – Success with cacti and succulents.</li><li>Aug. 7 – Establishing a more environmentally sustainable lawn.</li><li>Sept. 4 – Season extension in the vegetable garden.</li><li>Oct. 2 – Evergreens in Kansas.</li><li>Nov. 6 – Rabbit, mole and deer mitigation.</li><li>Dec. 4 – Home hydroponics.</li>
 </ul>Full descriptions of each topic are&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/consumer-horticulture/garden-hour">available online</a>. McKernan said all sessions are recorded and available shortly after to view online, as well.“We want to invite all gardeners to participate in the 2024 series,” McKernan said. “Whether you join the presentations live or view the recordings, we hope each month brings inspiration to every level of gardener.”Since the K-State Garden Hour began in 2020 – during the height of the COVID pandemic – McKernan said 62,887 participants have viewed the monthly discussions. He notes that 97% of the participants said the webinars have contributed to improvements in their physical and emotional health, including 98% who said they are more physically active, and 99% saying they have experienced more personal optimism through gardening.Also, 70% of participants in the K-State Garden Hour reported making at least five efforts to improve water quality in their community, and 69% reported implementing at least five water conservation practices as a result of the webinar series.The series has always been available for free, but McKernan said some assistance may be needed to keep it that way. Those who wish to make tax-deductible contributions to the K-State Garden Hour – McKernan said contributions pay for an annual Zoom webinar license – can do so&nbsp;<a href="https://www.givecampus.com/campaigns/33618/donations/new">through the KSU Foundation</a>.

Nobel Peace Prize winner highlights Feb. 7 K-State Garden Hour

KSRE In case cabin fever has Kansas gardeners longing for warmer days, there’s good news: January marks an early opportunity to get some vegetables and flowers started.

“January is often a cold and dreary month for many gardeners,” said Cynthia Domenghini, a horticulture expert with K-State Research and Extension. “But planning for and starting vegetables and flower transplants from seed can make this a much more interesting time of year.”

Domenghini outlined the steps needed to purchase and plant seeds indoors in a recent issue of the Horticulture Newsletter, a weekly publication from Kansas State University&nbsp;<a href="https://preview.web.k-state.edu/hnr-notused/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">that is available online</a>&nbsp;and by email.

Purchase recommended, quality seed.&nbsp;The varieties recommended for Kansas are available in a&nbsp;publication from K-State Research and Extension. “Also, talk to your neighbors, friends and your local garden center about what has worked well for them,” Domenghini said.

Obtain your seeds from a reputable source.&nbsp;These may include garden centers and seed catalogs. “If choosing seeds from a business that does not specialize in plants, pay special attention to the package date to make sure the seed was packaged for the current year,” Domenghini said. “Though most seed remains viable for about three years, germination decreases as seed ages.”

Determine the Date to Seed.&nbsp;You should know the target date for transplanting outside, and the number of weeks needed to grow the transplant indoors.&nbsp;. Sowing seed.&nbsp;Do not use garden soil to germinate seed. It is too heavy and may contain disease organisms. Use a media made especially for seed germination.

Domenghini said additional tips include keeping seed moist, and growing the seeds in appropriate lighting and temperature conditions. A little TLC also helps, she said.

“Plants react to movement,” Domenghini said. “Brushing over the plants with your hand stimulates them to become more stocky and less leggy. Try 20 brushing strokes per day. However, brushing will not compensate for a lack of light or over-crowding.”

Move plants outdoors prior to transplanting so that they will become hardened to the sun and wind. “Start about two weeks before transplanting and gradually expose the plants to outside conditions,” Domenghini said. “Increase the number of hours and degree of exposure over a two-week period.”

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/1/1705850210983.jpeg" alt="KSRE Planting in January. KSRE Image" />
 <figcaption>KSRE Planting in January. KSRE Image</figcaption>
 </figure>KSRE In case cabin fever has Kansas gardeners longing for warmer days, there’s good news: January marks an early opportunity to get some vegetables and flowers started.“January is often a cold and dreary month for many gardeners,” said Cynthia Domenghini, a horticulture expert with K-State Research and Extension. “But planning for and starting vegetables and flower transplants from seed can make this a much more interesting time of year.”Domenghini outlined the steps needed to purchase and plant seeds indoors in a recent issue of the Horticulture Newsletter, a weekly publication from Kansas State University&nbsp;<a href="https://preview.web.k-state.edu/hnr-notused/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">that is available online</a>&nbsp;and by email.Her recommendations include:Purchase recommended, quality seed.&nbsp;The varieties recommended for Kansas are available in a&nbsp;publication from K-State Research and Extension. “Also, talk to your neighbors, friends and your local garden center about what has worked well for them,” Domenghini said.Obtain your seeds from a reputable source.&nbsp;These may include garden centers and seed catalogs. “If choosing seeds from a business that does not specialize in plants, pay special attention to the package date to make sure the seed was packaged for the current year,” Domenghini said. “Though most seed remains viable for about three years, germination decreases as seed ages.”Determine the Date to Seed.&nbsp;You should know the target date for transplanting outside, and the number of weeks needed to grow the transplant indoors.&nbsp;. Sowing seed.&nbsp;Do not use garden soil to germinate seed. It is too heavy and may contain disease organisms. Use a media made especially for seed germination.Domenghini said additional tips include keeping seed moist, and growing the seeds in appropriate lighting and temperature conditions. A little TLC also helps, she said.“Plants react to movement,” Domenghini said. “Brushing over the plants with your hand stimulates them to become more stocky and less leggy. Try 20 brushing strokes per day. However, brushing will not compensate for a lack of light or over-crowding.”Move plants outdoors prior to transplanting so that they will become hardened to the sun and wind. “Start about two weeks before transplanting and gradually expose the plants to outside conditions,” Domenghini said. “Increase the number of hours and degree of exposure over a two-week period.”Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">Horticulture Newsletter</a>&nbsp;with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">view online</a>&nbsp;or can be delivered by email each week.Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to Domenghini at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cdom@ksu.edu,">cdom@ksu.edu,</a>&nbsp;or contact your&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html">local K-State Research and Extension office</a>.

KSRE: Jan. provides opportunity to start vegetables, flowers indoors

K-State expert says map is ‘critical’ for plant recommendations

By PAT MELGARES K-State Research and Extension news service

For the first time in 11 years, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has updated its Plant Hardiness Zone Map, which is historically the standard that gardeners and growers use to determine the perennial plants most likely to thrive at a location.

The update, said Kansas State University nursery crop production and marketing specialist Cheryl Boyer, is a big deal.

“It’s been a while since the maps have been updated because it’s a significant, coordinated effort,” said Boyer, noting that the maps are built based on data from 13,625 weather stations spanning 30 years.

“We use the plant hardiness zones for nearly all aspects of agriculture, horticulture and natural resources research and extension recommendations,” she said. “They influence our plant recommendations and production guidelines, both for crops and ornamental species.”

Boyer added that USDA’s Risk Management Agency uses the Plant Hardiness Zone Map to set some crop insurance standards for farmers. Other scientists use the data in models that might indicate the spread of weeds, insects or diseases.

“The USDA plant hardiness zone map is a critical tool for plant recommendations,” Boyer said. “In Kansas, most of the state shifted about a half zone warmer. We still have pockets of Zone 5 in the north, but the range of Zone 7 in the southern part of Kansas is significantly larger.

“We should continue to focus on recommending plants that can handle Zone 5 plant hardiness because we will continue to experience extreme weather events, but we can also begin to expand our plant palette with species that originate in slightly warmer climates. This will also be reflected in a longer season for some food crops.”

Boyer served on a USDA technical review team that helped to develop the new map. The group included 40 plant professionals from industry, academic and government as well as “a few consumer horticultural enthusiasts – gardeners – from across the United States.”

The experts in the group included horticulturalists, botanists, agricultural meteorologists and climatologists.

“Our role was to serve as a sounding board and provide feedback for the development of the new map, tools, and to look closely at the weather data for our areas to confirm that it matched our lived experiences of the local weather environment,” Boyer said. “We discussed methodology, how the new maps will change plant hardiness zones and subsequent plant recommendations.”

The new map is available to view online at https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Boyer said it’s designed to be searchable to locations as precise as one-half mile.

“This is helpful because, for example, urban areas tend to be heat islands and mountain tops tend to be colder than surrounding areas, so the new maps help identify those microclimates.”

Another online section, Tips for Growers, highlights resources to enhance the understanding and use of the new maps.

“Much of the information available is high-level guidance on how plants respond to the environment and what they need to survive and thrive, like light, soil, temperature, humidity and duration of exposure to cold,” Boyer said.

“Other resources provide different ways of learning, such as reading, watching a video, listening to a recording, and more. USDA provides educational information that can be applied broadly to the entire nation, while each state and county can provide more targeted advice based on local environments.”

More information on crop production and gardening also is available at local extension offices in Kansas, or online from K-State’s Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/11/1700661961889.png" alt="2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Image Courtesy USDA" />
 <figcaption>2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Image Courtesy USDA</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>K-State expert says map is ‘critical’ for plant recommendations</h2>By PAT MELGARES K-State Research and Extension news serviceFor the first time in 11 years, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has updated its Plant Hardiness Zone Map, which is historically the standard that gardeners and growers use to determine the perennial plants most likely to thrive at a location.The update, said Kansas State University nursery crop production and marketing specialist Cheryl Boyer, is a big deal.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/11/1700662116605.jpeg" alt="2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map" />
 <figcaption>2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map</figcaption>
 </figure>“It’s been a while since the maps have been updated because it’s a significant, coordinated effort,” said Boyer, noting that the maps are built based on data from 13,625 weather stations spanning 30 years.“We use the plant hardiness zones for nearly all aspects of agriculture, horticulture and natural resources research and extension recommendations,” she said. “They influence our plant recommendations and production guidelines, both for crops and ornamental species.”Boyer added that USDA’s Risk Management Agency uses the Plant Hardiness Zone Map to set some crop insurance standards for farmers. Other scientists use the data in models that might indicate the spread of weeds, insects or diseases.“The USDA plant hardiness zone map is a critical tool for plant recommendations,” Boyer said. “In Kansas, most of the state shifted about a half zone warmer. We still have pockets of Zone 5 in the north, but the range of Zone 7 in the southern part of Kansas is significantly larger.“We should continue to focus on recommending plants that can handle Zone 5 plant hardiness because we will continue to experience extreme weather events, but we can also begin to expand our plant palette with species that originate in slightly warmer climates. This will also be reflected in a longer season for some food crops.”Boyer served on a USDA technical review team that helped to develop the new map. The group included 40 plant professionals from industry, academic and government as well as “a few consumer horticultural enthusiasts – gardeners – from across the United States.”The experts in the group included horticulturalists, botanists, agricultural meteorologists and climatologists.“Our role was to serve as a sounding board and provide feedback for the development of the new map, tools, and to look closely at the weather data for our areas to confirm that it matched our lived experiences of the local weather environment,” Boyer said. “We discussed methodology, how the new maps will change plant hardiness zones and subsequent plant recommendations.”The new map is available to view online at https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Boyer said it’s designed to be searchable to locations as precise as one-half mile.“This is helpful because, for example, urban areas tend to be heat islands and mountain tops tend to be colder than surrounding areas, so the new maps help identify those microclimates.”Another online section, Tips for Growers, highlights resources to enhance the understanding and use of the new maps.“Much of the information available is high-level guidance on how plants respond to the environment and what they need to survive and thrive, like light, soil, temperature, humidity and duration of exposure to cold,” Boyer said.“Other resources provide different ways of learning, such as reading, watching a video, listening to a recording, and more. USDA provides educational information that can be applied broadly to the entire nation, while each state and county can provide more targeted advice based on local environments.”More information on crop production and gardening also is available at local extension offices in Kansas, or online from K-State’s Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources.

USDA releases updated Plant Hardiness Zone Map

Cold temperatures came on quickly in Kansas, and leaves have begun to drop.

While keeping up with leaves every fall is a challenge, Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini says the amount of leaf cover on the ground has an impact on the underlying plants.

“Photosynthesis will be restricted in a lawn covered with a dense layer of leaves, preventing it from storing enough energy to survive winter,” Domenghini said.

Leaves can be added to a compost heap, but Domenghini recommends shredding them first. This can be done by mowing over them on the lawn and collecting them in the mower bag or they can be added directly into the planters.

“Incorporate 2-3 inches of shredded leaves to the soil at a time,” Domenghini said. “This can be repeated until the leaves are gone or the soil is frozen and cannot be worked. Shredded leaves can be used as mulch around trees, shrubs and perennials as well.”

Leaf mulch incorporated into lawns can help prevent weeds from germinating between grass plants. Leaf mulch has not been shown to negatively effect turf quality, color or soil pH, she said.

Shredded leaves can be left on the lawn if they are not too dense, Domenghini adds. As the lawn is mowed, the leaf pieces will fall in between the blades of grass and eventually break down into the soil.

“It may require multiple passes with the lawn mower to get the leaf size small enough. It is also necessary to mow frequently to keep up with the leaf drop,” Domenghini said.

If incorporating leaves into a cool-season lawn, Domenghini said it makes sense to be on a fall nitrogen fertilization program and core-aerate in the fall as well. You can mow leaves into a warm-season lawn but wait until late May or early June to fertilize and core-aerate, she said.

Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">Horticulture Newsletter</a>&nbsp;with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to view online or can be delivered by email each week.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/11/1699024029247.png" alt="It’s Fall, and leaves are everywhere KSRE Photo" />
 <figcaption>It’s Fall, and leaves are everywhere KSRE Photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MADDY ROHR KSRECold temperatures came on quickly in Kansas, and leaves have begun to drop.While keeping up with leaves every fall is a challenge, Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini says the amount of leaf cover on the ground has an impact on the underlying plants.“Photosynthesis will be restricted in a lawn covered with a dense layer of leaves, preventing it from storing enough energy to survive winter,” Domenghini said.Leaves can be added to a compost heap, but Domenghini recommends shredding them first. This can be done by mowing over them on the lawn and collecting them in the mower bag or they can be added directly into the planters.“Incorporate 2-3 inches of shredded leaves to the soil at a time,” Domenghini said. “This can be repeated until the leaves are gone or the soil is frozen and cannot be worked. Shredded leaves can be used as mulch around trees, shrubs and perennials as well.”Leaf mulch incorporated into lawns can help prevent weeds from germinating between grass plants. Leaf mulch has not been shown to negatively effect turf quality, color or soil pH, she said.Shredded leaves can be left on the lawn if they are not too dense, Domenghini adds. As the lawn is mowed, the leaf pieces will fall in between the blades of grass and eventually break down into the soil.“It may require multiple passes with the lawn mower to get the leaf size small enough. It is also necessary to mow frequently to keep up with the leaf drop,” Domenghini said.If incorporating leaves into a cool-season lawn, Domenghini said it makes sense to be on a fall nitrogen fertilization program and core-aerate in the fall as well. You can mow leaves into a warm-season lawn but wait until late May or early June to fertilize and core-aerate, she said.Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">Horticulture Newsletter</a>&nbsp;with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to view online or can be delivered by email each week.Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to Domenghini at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cdom@ksu.edu,">cdom@ksu.edu,</a>&nbsp;or contact your&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html">local K-State Research and Extension office</a>.

K-State horticulturist offers suggestions for where to put leaves

One remaining chore for fall gardens includes prepping the garden for spring. Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said now is a great time to prepare the soil.&nbsp;

“With drier fall weather, the soil is less likely to clump when it is tilled,” Domenghini said. “Any clumps that do form will break down over the winter as the soil freezes and thaws, leaving behind soil that’s ready to plant in the spring.”&nbsp;

Domenghini said working the soil in the fall also breaks down debris, contributing organic matter back into the garden.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Debris provides a habitat for diseases and insects. Tilling it into the soil disrupts the habitat and prevents pests from overwintering and wreaking havoc on next year’s crops,” she said.&nbsp;

When adding organic matter into the soil, Domenghini suggests following the general rule of incorporating two inches of organic matter to the surface and tilling it in. Leaves and garden waste can be mowed first to cut it into smaller pieces that will break down more quickly.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Well-tilled soil should have pellet-sized particles. Use caution not to over till the soil and turn it into dust,” Domenghini said.&nbsp;

Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">Horticulture Newsletter</a>&nbsp;with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to view online or can be delivered by email each week.&nbsp;

Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to&nbsp;Domenghini at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cdom@ksu.edu,">cdom@ksu.edu,</a>&nbsp;or contact your&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html">local K-State Research and Extension office</a>.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1696779655805.png" alt="Soil KSRE" />
 <figcaption>Soil KSRE</figcaption>
 </figure>By MADDY ROHRKSREOne remaining chore for fall gardens includes prepping the garden for spring. Kansas State University horticulture expert Cynthia Domenghini said now is a great time to prepare the soil.&nbsp;“With drier fall weather, the soil is less likely to clump when it is tilled,” Domenghini said. “Any clumps that do form will break down over the winter as the soil freezes and thaws, leaving behind soil that’s ready to plant in the spring.”&nbsp;Domenghini said working the soil in the fall also breaks down debris, contributing organic matter back into the garden.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Debris provides a habitat for diseases and insects. Tilling it into the soil disrupts the habitat and prevents pests from overwintering and wreaking havoc on next year’s crops,” she said.&nbsp;When adding organic matter into the soil, Domenghini suggests following the general rule of incorporating two inches of organic matter to the surface and tilling it in. Leaves and garden waste can be mowed first to cut it into smaller pieces that will break down more quickly.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Well-tilled soil should have pellet-sized particles. Use caution not to over till the soil and turn it into dust,” Domenghini said.&nbsp;Domenghini and her colleagues in K-State's Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources produce a weekly&nbsp;<a href="https://hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/newsletters/index.html">Horticulture Newsletter</a>&nbsp;with tips for maintaining home landscapes and gardens. The newsletter is available to view online or can be delivered by email each week.&nbsp;Interested persons can also send their garden and yard-related questions to&nbsp;Domenghini at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cdom@ksu.edu,">cdom@ksu.edu,</a>&nbsp;or contact your&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html">local K-State Research and Extension office</a>.&nbsp;

K-State horticulture expert says tilling the garden in the fall can protect the soil structure

By NATE KING Salina Post

Have you ever wondered why your garden isn't producing the way you thought it would? How about questions about landscaping or yard maintenance? Have pests you don't know how to get rid of?

K-State Research and Extension has the answers.&nbsp;

On this episode of King in the Community, I sit down for a conversation with Jason Graves, Horticulture Agent for <a href="https://www.centralkansas.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/">K-State Research and Extension- Central District.</a>&nbsp;

Graves shares with us tips on how to build a compost pile, K-State Research and Extension resources for perfecting your lawn, the importance of PH soil levels when growing trees, the unique Kansas Climate, and what is included in the word "horticulture."

For more information regarding lawns and gardens from K-State Research Extension<a href="https://www.centralkansas.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/"> click here.&nbsp;</a>

<div><iframe title="Jason Graves, Horticulture Agent, K-State Research Extension" allowtransparency="true" height="150" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:150px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?i=sfqiv-148a5c8-pb&from=pb6admin&share=1&download=1&rtl=0&fonts=Arial&skin=60a0c8&font-color=&logo_link=episode_page&btn-skin=60a0c8" loading="lazy"></iframe></div>By NATE KING Salina PostHave you ever wondered why your garden isn't producing the way you thought it would? How about questions about landscaping or yard maintenance? Have pests you don't know how to get rid of?K-State Research and Extension has the answers.&nbsp;On this episode of King in the Community, I sit down for a conversation with Jason Graves, Horticulture Agent for <a href="https://www.centralkansas.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/">K-State Research and Extension- Central District.</a>&nbsp;Graves shares with us tips on how to build a compost pile, K-State Research and Extension resources for perfecting your lawn, the importance of PH soil levels when growing trees, the unique Kansas Climate, and what is included in the word "horticulture."For more information regarding lawns and gardens from K-State Research Extension<a href="https://www.centralkansas.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/"> click here.&nbsp;</a>